A Space Walking Robot Could Build a Giant Telescope in Space
by Evan Gough on November 6, 2024
Introduction
The Hubble Space Telescope was carried to space inside the space shuttle Discovery and then released into low-Earth orbit. The James Webb Space Telescope was squeezed inside the nose cone of an Ariane 5 rocket and then launched. It deployed its mirror and shade on its way to its home at the Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point. However, the International Space Station (ISS) was assembled in space with components launched at different times. This could serve as a model for building future space telescopes and other space facilities.
The Universe contains many dark corners that we are compelled to explore, which propels our need for more powerful telescopes with larger mirrors. Unfortunately, launching such large components becomes increasingly difficult because they need to fit inside rocket payloads. With the retirement of space shuttles, it becomes evident that assembling space telescopes in orbit using robots may be the way forward.
Recent research, published in Acta Astronautica, delves into the feasibility of using walking robots to construct space telescopes. The study titled The new era of walking manipulators in space: Feasibility and operational assessment of assembling a 25 m Large Aperture Space Telescope in orbit, led by Manu Nair from the Lincoln Centre for Autonomous Systems in the UK, explores these possibilities.
The Need for Robot-Assisted Telescope Construction
Amid the growing demands for high-resolution astronomy and Earth observation missions, the authors highlight the importance of innovative architectures for space telescopes that surpass current capabilities. The limitations inherent in the use of remotely operated manipulators, such as the ISS's Canadarm and the European Robotic Arm, foster the necessity for more autonomous and capable systems.
Limitations of Current Robotics
While robotic systems like the Canadarm and its European counterpart have shown effectiveness in carrying out various tasks in space, there are notable restrictions:
- They rely on remote operation by astronauts, limiting real-time responsiveness.
- They lack the walking capabilities and independence required for complex assembly tasks.
- Maintenance and repairs often require crewed missions, adding risk and cost.
The drive for more autonomous robots in space has driven Nair and his co-authors to propose a seven-degrees-of-freedom dexterous End-Over-End Walking Robot (E-Walker) for future In-Space Assembly and Manufacturing (ISAM) missions.
Concept Design of the E-Walker
Research Study and Findings
The research conducted involves detailed assessments to establish the capabilities of the E-Walker in fabricating a Large Aperture Space Telescope (LAST) in orbit. The telescope's focal point is a wide-field, 25-meter primary mirror designed for visible light operation. The researchers have provided substantial designs and methodologies that facilitate robotic assembly of the telescope in situ.
Modular Design and Assembly
The modular design of the primary mirror makes it easier for autonomous systems to assemble the telescope, allowing for not just efficient transport but also straightforward construction. The telescope uses Primary Mirror Units (PMUs) that would allow integration of up to 342 PMUs to complete the assembly of the 25-meter primary mirror. This architectural approach signifies substantial progress over current single-structure designs.
Concept of Operations (ConOps)
The study outlines eleven different Concept of Operations (ConOps) for the LAST mission. These include the collaborative operation of multiple E-Walkers aimed at optimizing task-sharing, prioritizing ground-lifting mass, and simplifying control and motion planning. The uniqueness of having several manipulators working in tandem presents exciting new horizons for robotic assembly in space.
| ConOps Description | Key Features | Operational Benefits |
|---|---|---|
| Single E-Walker Assembly | Utilization of one robot for all tasks | Simple operational parameters |
| Multiple E-Walkers | Two or more robots working together | Efficiency in completing tasks |
| Phased Assembly | Modular approach with assembly focus | Allows for progressive deployment |
| Ground-Supported Operations | Use of ground stations for monitoring | Real-time adjustments via Earth-based teams |
| Teleoperated Assembly | Remote control capabilities | Enhanced flexibility in operation |
Future of Space Robotics
The advancement of Robotics, Automation, and Autonomous Systems (RAAS) is pivotal in realizing future space infrastructure. The E-Walker concept is one embodiment of the synergy between innovation and necessity, as the complexities of space exploration demand a paradigm shift towards more sophisticated automated solutions.
“The capability to assemble complex systems in orbit using one or more robots will be an absolute requirement for supporting a resilient future orbital ecosystem.” – Authors of the study.
Conclusion
Exploring and understanding the Universe remains one of humanity's grand pursuits. The development of autonomous systems like the E-Walker represents just the beginning of our endeavor to build robust space telescopes. These advancements are expected to transform how we construct and operate astronomical instruments, ushering in a new era of cosmic discovery.
References
- 1. Nair, M., et al. "The new era of walking manipulators in space: Feasibility and operational assessment of assembling a 25 m Large Aperture Space Telescope in orbit." Acta Astronautica.
- 2. ESA, "James Webb Space Telescope." European Space Agency.
- 3. NASA, "Hubble Space Telescope Overview." NASA.
- 4. International Space Station, "ISS Assembly." NASA.
For more information, please visit Universe Today.